nutrients over winter. Make sure you can describe how each of these is achieved and the structures involved. Leaves too can have adaptations – they may protect the plant, they may trap moisture to help lower transpiration, and they may be hairy or spiky. Make you could discuss all of these things and give examples. Plant structures and tissues are created from plant cells. To understand how the organs and tissues carry out the functions you can now discuss, it is important to understand plant cells and how they work. Then you should be able to understand how different cells work together to create plant tissue – with a specific function. For example, phloem, xylem, cambium. You should also understand how plants grow using meristematic areas and how cambium is essential in eudicotyledons for secondary thickening. Understanding plant structures links to other areas, such as pests. For example, knowing that aphids use their mouthparts to obtain sap with all its sugars, from the phloem means you understand that they damage plants because they take vital nutrients created by the plant from photosynthesis and because they use a needle-like stylet to feed, it is easy to understand how they might transmit viruses as they move from plant to plant. Understanding pollination means you can come to understand how plants adapt for pollination and successful fertilisation, how they favour crosspollination and the genetic diversity that may bring by having flowers whose male and female parts mature at different times or have male flowers on one plant and female on another of the same species
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